4D Printing
Additive manufacturing of structures that transform over time.
Mobility-Driven Design of PDMS-Modified Glassy Polymer Networks for Thermally Activated Shape Memory in Vat Photopolymerization
By tuning PDMS-MMA mobility segments and switching monomer chemistry in photocurable networks, the study achieves thermally activated shape-memory behavior suitable for vat photopolymerization 4D printing.
Process‐Structure‐Morphing Coupling in Thermally Activated <scp>ABS 4D</scp> Printing
This study develops a predictive framework for thermally induced shape-morphing in 4D-printed ABS materials.
Shape optimization of 4D-printed multi-material morphing structures for enhanced structural stability
This study presents a shape optimization framework for enhancing the stiffness of 4D-printed multi-material morphing structures.
FUTURE OF 4D PRINTING IN SOFT ROBOTICS AND INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION
A 2015–2025 review synthesizes how 4D printing with stimulus-responsive materials enables programmable, adaptive soft robotics and intelligent automation, while highlighting remaining barriers to translation.
Recent progress in 4D printing: materials, methods and applications
This review synthesizes how 4D printing couples additive methods with stimulus-responsive materials—especially shape-memory polymers—to achieve programmed, time-dependent shape and property changes, while noting reliability and scalability
Current 3D Printing and Developed 4D Printing Technologies in Dentistry
The record reviews how 4D printing with stimuli-responsive smart materials could enable adaptive, time-evolving dental devices, though translation to routine practice still needs further research.
Frontiers of 3D and 4D Printing in Analytical Chemistry: From Device Fabrication to Practical Implementation
3D and 4D printing technologies are revolutionizing analytical chemistry by enabling innovative, customizable, and adaptive devices.
4D Printing of TBCHA-Based Shape Memory Polymer Composites: Bioglass 45S5 Addition Improves Stability Retention and Shape Memory Performance
4D-printed TBCHA-based shape-memory polymer composites with Bioglass 45S5 show improved stability retention and shape-memory performance.
Multimaterial 4D printing of adaptive and reconfigurable auxetic metastructures
Multimaterial 4D printing with PLA/PCL enables auxetic metastructures whose geometry–material coupling yields tunable mechanics, energy absorption, and thermally induced reconfigurability.
4D Printing in Biomedical Implants and Functional Healthcare Devices
A review of biomedical 4D printing that links stimuli-responsive material platforms to programmed, time-dependent actuation for implants, drug delivery, and adaptive wearables.
Additively manufactured Shape Memory Alloy Hybrid Composites with a polymer matrix featuring a re-entrant honeycomb structure
A fully additive SLA+TFP route fabricates SMA hybrid composites with a re-entrant honeycomb polymer structure, enabling geometry-tuned, thermally activated out-of-plane bending with improved reproducibility via automated SMA placement.
Thermomechanical Modelling and Shape Prediction in 4D Printing Using FEA
A thermomechanical FEA approach is used to simulate and plan shape morphing in 4D-printed two-layer and more complex structures.
Single-material 4D-printed shape-morphing structures via spatially patterned strain trapping
A single-step, single-material 4D printing approach uses spatially patterned strain trapping to program one-way, spatially controlled shape morphing without secondary post-programming.
Shape-morphing greenhouse: design of a thermally responsive transparent 4D-printed structure
A proof-of-concept transparent 4D-printed PLA greenhouse structure was tested for thermally driven shape-morphing ventilation using bio-inspired mechanisms, showing concept potential but material and structural limits.
Applications and Research of 4D Printing in Material Design
4D printing integrates smart materials into additive manufacturing so cured parts can undergo programmable, stimulus-driven shape and functionality changes over time.
Revolutionizing Personalized Medicine with 4D Printing in Drug Delivery
4D printing uses dynamic materials that change with temperature, humidity, and pH to enable environment- and body-signal–dependent, personalized drug delivery.
Exploring 4D Printing Technology for Biomedical Applications
The editorial argues that adding a time dimension to 3D printing via stimuli-responsive materials enables dynamic, personalized biomedical devices such as adaptive implants and controlled drug-release hydrogel capsules.
Robotic conformal 4D printing of liquid crystal elastomers
This research introduces a robotic 4D printing method for liquid crystal elastomers, enabling shape-changing structures on complex surfaces.
Machine learning-guided tuning of shape memory behavior in 4D-printed single-layer elastomer strip
Machine learning-guided optimization of 4D-printed PU/Eudragit S100/MTZ elastomer strips enables strong mechanical performance and high shape recovery for pH-responsive, site-specific drug delivery.
3D printing on pre-stressed textiles: peel test evaluation of adhesion factors in 4D textiles
A factorial study identifies printing and pre-tension parameters that maximize peel-test adhesion between 3D-printed reinforcements and pre-stressed textile substrates in 4D textiles.
Fundamentals and Uses of 4D Printing on Textiles
This review summarizes how 4D printing of smart, stimuli-responsive polymers on textiles can enable fabrics that change shape or properties for intelligent adaptive textile systems.
DLP 4D Printing of Programmable Molecularly‐Engineered Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators
This research presents a new method for 4D printing of liquid crystal elastomers, enabling programmable actuation with complex geometries.
Application and potential of 4D printing in medicine
4D printing utilizes smart materials to create dynamic medical devices that adapt to patient needs and improve treatment personalization.
4D printed hydromorph biocomposites with shape change and force generation properties: progress towards structural actuation
4D-printed flax/PLA hydromorph biocomposites can be tuned to deliver water-driven shape change with blocked force and energy density comparable to wood, supporting structural actuation design.