Process‐Structure‐Morphing Coupling in Thermally Activated <scp>ABS 4D</scp> Printing
Grigorios Kostopoulos, Stelios K. Georgantzinos · Wiley · 2026
This study develops a predictive framework for thermally induced shape-morphing in 4D-printed ABS materials.
Plain English summary
Why this matters
Key findings
- Nozzle temperature is the dominant factor affecting deformation response.
- Activation temperature and layer height also significantly influence arc length.
- Regression models achieved high R² values for deformation responses.
- Finite element modeling reproduced experimental deformation profiles with good agreement.
- The study supports the use of ABS for one-way thermally activated morphing.
What's new
The study presents a predictive framework that combines experimental parameter screening with finite element modeling for thermally induced morphing in 4D-printed ABS.
Limitations
The abstract does not mention the practical applications of the findings or the scalability of the proposed methods.
Commercial context
The research is still in the laboratory phase and does not indicate commercial availability.
Publication
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Publication date
- July 4, 2026
- Research type
- Paper
- License
- http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Tags
More on 4D Printing
See all →FUTURE OF 4D PRINTING IN SOFT ROBOTICS AND INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION
A 2015–2025 review synthesizes how 4D printing with stimulus-responsive materials enables programmable, adaptive soft robotics and intelligent automation, while highlighting remaining barriers to translation.
Recent progress in 4D printing: materials, methods and applications
This review synthesizes how 4D printing couples additive methods with stimulus-responsive materials—especially shape-memory polymers—to achieve programmed, time-dependent shape and property changes, while noting reliability and scalability
Current 3D Printing and Developed 4D Printing Technologies in Dentistry
The record reviews how 4D printing with stimuli-responsive smart materials could enable adaptive, time-evolving dental devices, though translation to routine practice still needs further research.
Frontiers of 3D and 4D Printing in Analytical Chemistry: From Device Fabrication to Practical Implementation
3D and 4D printing technologies are revolutionizing analytical chemistry by enabling innovative, customizable, and adaptive devices.
4D Printing of TBCHA-Based Shape Memory Polymer Composites: Bioglass 45S5 Addition Improves Stability Retention and Shape Memory Performance
4D-printed TBCHA-based shape-memory polymer composites with Bioglass 45S5 show improved stability retention and shape-memory performance.
4D Printing in Biomedical Implants and Functional Healthcare Devices
A review of biomedical 4D printing that links stimuli-responsive material platforms to programmed, time-dependent actuation for implants, drug delivery, and adaptive wearables.
Recently published
Latest research →Bio-inspired re-entrant honeycomb metamaterial with programmable dual-plateau mechanical response
A bio-inspired re-entrant honeycomb mechanical metamaterial is described as having a programmable dual-plateau mechanical response.
Modelling the thermo-mechanical responses and shape recovery performance of particle-reinforced shape memory polymer composites in cold and hot programming
A study focused on modeling thermo-mechanical behavior and shape recovery of particle-reinforced shape-memory polymer composites when programmed in cold versus hot conditions.
Functional Shape Recovery Response of Heat-Treated NiTiCu SHAPE Memory Alloy Wire
Heat treatment of NiTiCu shape memory alloy wires enhances their shape recovery response, achieving a high recovery ratio.
Dorsiventrally Bicolored Leaf‐Inspired Metamaterial Absorbers for Tailorable Electromagnetic Absorption
This research proposes a bioinspired metamaterial that achieves high-performance, tailorable electromagnetic absorption across a broad frequency range.